Alongside plant physiology, we examined the principles of plant naming and propagation. Botanical nomenclature follows a specific format: Genus species ‘Cultivar’. This ensures clarity and consistency across horticultural practice and helps avoid confusion in professional documentation and plant selection.

We explored propagation methods such as grafting and chip budding. Both techniques involve joining plant material from two specimens to combine desirable traits  -  for example, disease resistance from one plant and fruit quality or aesthetic form from another. Grafting involves connecting a scion (upper part) to a rootstock (lower part) so they grow as one, while chip budding uses a single bud instead of a full scion. These processes require precision and an understanding of cambial alignment to ensure successful vascular connection.

The topic of adventitious roots was also covered. These are roots that form from non-root tissues such as stems or leaves, typically as a response to stress or injury. Their presence demonstrates the plant’s adaptability and regenerative capacity. We also learned that stem diameter and overall height are reliable indicators of plant quality  -  thicker stems suggest robust vascular systems  -  while unbranched, carrot-like root systems are considered structurally weak and poor for nutrient absorption.